Jerusalem Jewish Council says Jews will not Pay Taxes Unless Money will
be Used For Jewish Projects
Jerusalem, (JTA). —
The Jewish community council here declared this week that Jews would not pay
taxes to the municipal government until they were satisfied that the money
would be used for Jewish projects while Daniel Auster, former Jewish mayor of
the city, said that the Jews would take care of their section of separate
municipal councils were formed and each body was permitted to spend its funds
on improvements for its own people.…
That was shortly before Israeli independence, but tax resistance in
British-occupied Palestine went on for decades before then. Here’s an example
from the Montreal Gazette:
Jerusalem, .—
Lieut.
Gen. Robert H. Haining,
commander of the British forces in Palestine, invited the heads of the Jewish
Agency for Palestine, the National Council of Palestine Jewry and the Jewish
Communal Council to his headquarters here this morning and warned them that
he intended to enforce order and would make no exceptions. General Haining
added that, while he appreciated the three years of restraint on the part of
Jews, he would suppress violence unflinchingly.
The first move in the Jewish non-co-operation movement against the Government
in protest at the new British policy was a decision of the Landlords
Association, composed of rural and urban property owners, to refuse to pay
taxes, beginning , until the White
Paper had been repealed.
Despite all stringent measures taken to prevent illegal immigration into
Palestine, 300 Jews succeeded in landing clandestinely near Ashkalon, Southern
Palestine, but were apprehended by British troops and taken to Tel Aviv for
detention.
In contrast with ’s turbulence in
this Holy City, there was quiet ,
although considerable tension still exists. As a result of the violence
, when a mob of Jews attempted to
raid the district commissioner’s office, smashed windows of an English shop
and a German restaurant and engaged in fighting in which a British constable
was killed and more than 100 Jews were wounded, the military
took far greater precautions to
prevent further bloodshed.
All Government offices were heavily guarded, various parts of the city were
barricaded, and soldiers manned machine guns for action. Only incident
was when several Jewish youths
penetrated a branch post office in the Jewish quarter of Mahne Yehuda here
and broke window panes and furniture.
Three British police sergeants and two constables, who
annoyed the Tel Aviv public, it
is charged, by wearing helmets marked with swastikas and by shouting “Heil
Hitler,” were relieved of duty today pending disciplinary proceedings.
The “White Paper” policy, which, among other things, prevented Jewish
evacuation into Palestine during the Holocaust, was not repealed until Israel
won its independence in .
Tax resistance was practiced both by Jews and by others in Palestine against
the British occupation. In at least one case, in
, there was a sympathy tax strike in England
itself:
In the all-Jewish coastal city of Tel Aviv a high Jewish source who declined
to be quoted by name said meetings were called throughout Palestine Sunday
to consider a “passive resistance movement” similar to those undertaken by
nationalists in India.
A decision would be taken “as to the best method by which Palestine’s Jewish
community can demonstrate to the British they will have to arrest tens of
thousands of us if the government thinks we are accepting quietly everything
it wants to put on us,” he said.
Passive resistance would include nonpayment of taxes, a strike by Jews in
government service and “in all ways complete non-cooperation with the
British,” this source said.
From the
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette:
Holy Land Bomb Damage — A patrol moves around ruins of the
income tax office, Jerusalem, Palestine, after a bomb detonated by police
wrecked the building.
Palestine Tax Office Bombed
Building Leveled By Terrific Blast
Jerusalem, — (AP) —
The Palestine Income Tax Building was leveled this afternoon by a terrific
explosion from a bomb-laden cart which Palestine police said was placed by
Jews.
One person, a Jewish constable, was killed. Five persons — a British Army
captain and lance corporal, a British police sergeant and an Arab policeman — were injured. Windows were shattered within a radius of three blocks.
All employes had been evacuated from the building following a telephone
warning 10 minutes before the blast.
Police said three Jews, one dressed as an Arab, pushed a bomb-laden,
Arab-type delivery cart into the building and fled, after clubbing a Jewish
policeman and snatching a rifle from an Arab guard.
Police tried to drag the cart from the building, but the rope parted. They
said they then detonated the bomb with rifle fire, but “miscalculated the
charge.”
Tel Aviv police reported… that a young Jew and Jewish girl claiming to
represent the Stern Gang, a small Jewish underground unit, had delivered an
ultimatum personally to 18 Jewish officials of the Palestine Income Tax
Department to resign within 96 hours or face drastic consequences. Special
guards were assigned immediately to the 18 officials.
The attempt to bring about the large-scale resignations was viewed by
authorities as another step in the Stern Gang’s announced policy of
sponsoring non-payment of taxes by Palestine’s Jews.
Another report on the same incident
clarifies that the two Jews, “described as Yemenites, visited the homes of the
tax officials Thursday night to deliver the warnings.”
Jerusalem, — (AP) —
Irgun Zvai Leumi, militant Jewish underground group, exhorted Jews throughout
the world today to “hit Britain economically without mercy” in protest
against the trans-shipment of 4,400 Jewish refugees to Germany.
In a broadcast denouncing British treatment of the refugees, who were
intercepted in mid-July while trying to enter Palestine illegally aboard the
Exodus of , a former Chesapeake Bay steamer,
Irgun declared:
“You can stop the cruel British machine forever. Do not pay your tax money,
do not obey their orders. Do not obey their laws. Boycott, boycott, boycott
until the end.
“Jews of the whole world can bring great harm to our enemy. Britain is in
economic trouble. They can be hit economically without mercy.”
The Irgun broadcaster also urged Jews to ignore appeals for a hunger strike
today to protest treatment accorded the refugees.
“This is no time for fasting,” the broadcast said. “It is now time for war.”
Decision is Taken in Protest Against New
U.K. White
Paper
by Joseph M. Levy. Wireless to The New York Times and
The Gazette.
Jerusalem, . —
Leut.
Gen. Robert H. Haining,
commander of the British forces in Palestine, invited the heads of the Jewish
Agency for Palestine, the National Council of Palestine Jewry and the Jewish
Communal Council to his headquarters here and warned them that he intended to enforce order and would
make no exceptions. General Haining added that, while he appreciated the
three years of restraint on the part of Jews, he would suppress violence
unflinchingly.
The first move in the Jewish non-co-operation movement against the Government
in protest at the new British policy was a decision of the Landlords
Association, composed of rural and urban property owners, to refuse to pay
taxes, beginning , until the White
Paper had been repealed.
Despite all stringent measures taken to prevent illegal immigration into
Palestine, 300 Jews succeeded in landing clandestinely near Ashkalon,
Southern Palestine, but were apprehended by British troops and taken to Tel
Aviv for detention.
In contrast with ’s turbulence in
this Holy City, there was quiet today, although considerable tension still
exists. As a result of the violence
, when a mob of Jews attempted to
raid the district commissioner’s office, smashed windows of an English shop
and a German restaurant and engaged in fighting in which a British constable
was killed and more than 100 Jews were wounded, the military
took far greater precautions to
prevent further bloodshed.
All Government offices were heavily guarded, various parts of the city were
barricaded, and soldiers manned machine guns for action. [The] Only incident
was when several Jewish youths
penetrated a branch post office in the Jewish quarter of Mahne Yehuda here
and broke window panes and furniture.
Three British police sergeants and two constables, who
annoyed the Tel Aviv public, it
is charged, by wearing helmets marked with the swastika and by shouting “Heil
Hitler,” were relieved of duty
pending disciplinary proceedings.
Action of Householders’ Association First Step in Program of Peaceful
Resistance by Jewry
Jerusalem, .
— (AP) — Beneath the outward appearance of at least temporary calm in the Holy Land, Jews were busy today with details of economic measures with which they hope to give expression to their protest against the latest British plan for Palestine.
Jews argued that the intangible aspect of their projected boycott made it more likely to be an effective way of registering dissatisfaction for the plan to give Arabs dominance in Palestine than was revolt by the Arabs against Jewish immigration.
In the Arab revolt, British authorities had to deal with a few thousand Arabs in the hills and accomplices in the city against which troops might operate directly.
With the Jews undertaking national registration of able-bodied males and a general policy of non-cooperation the British were confronted with a manifestation against which tanks, planes, and infantry are useless; except when brought into play by disorder.
In addition, the Arabs still are not satisfied; contending uncertainty remains as to what Arabs are to be accepted as representing their people in the planned independent state and whether they be truly representative.
The Householders’ Association of rural and urban landowners informed the government they would not pay taxes “so long as the white paper policy is effected.”
This was regarded as one of the first moves in the Jewish policy of non-cooperation.
Tax resistance is a time-honored tactic of nonviolent resistance, but it has
also been used by movements or individuals that had little interest in holding
to nonviolence. History gives us plenty of examples of people violently
resisting taxation.
Today I’ll give some examples of attacks on tax offices, many of which were
violent or included intimidation by threats of violence.
Bomb threats and “mysterious white powder”-type incidents
Since I’ve started this blog, I’ve kept half an eye on the news for examples
of IRS
offices being evacuated by explicit bomb threats or suspicious packages. Here
are some examples:
: “The
FBI
is investigating after a mysterious white powder was sent to the
IRS
mail room in Fresno. The discovery forced the mail room to shut down for
about three-and-a-half-hours
afternoon.”
: “A hazardous materials
scare forced a huge evacuation Tuesday of the
IRS
center in southeast Fresno. A mailroom employee thought he was opening a
regular letter from a taxpayer. But when he opened it, a white powder
spilled all over him.”
: “A letter containing a white
powder and a note mentioning anthrax forced federal authorities to shut
down the mailroom of the Kansas City IRS headquarters.… ‘We do not think
this is going to be anthrax or any other biological agent, but we have to
treat this to the Nth degree,’ Herndon said, adding that a field test
found the substance likely to be talcum powder.”
: “Officials have given the
‘all clear’ after a letter containing a suspicious powder was received in
the mailroom at the
IRS
office in the John Duncan Federal Office Building in Knoxville.”
: “Someone apparently trying
to make a political statement caused a brief stir Tuesday at the Boulder
office of U.S.
Rep. Jared Polis. …
The Boulder Fire Department Hazardous Materials Team responded and opened
the envelope. They found a tea bag inside, with a note reading, ‘We the
People, .’ ”
: “A package of foot powder
mailed from a prison ZIP code caused
250 workers to be evacuated Thursday from [the building containing the
IRS
offices] in the Flair Park area of El Monte.”
: “Michelle Lowry… who processes
forms for the
IRS
in Austin, confronts that venom regularly. People slip razor blades and
pushpins into the same envelopes as their W-2 forms. They send nasty notes
with their crumpled documents. Last year during the height of the Tea
Party movement, hundreds of taxpayers included — what else? — tea bags
with their returns. And then there’s the weird stuff. ‘Sometimes you’ll
see stuff that looks like blood on them,’ said Lowry, who has worked as a
seasonal employee for five years. ‘We wear gloves.’ … She’s been through
evacuations caused by suspicious items in the mail, such as white powder.
(It turned out to be packing material.)”
: “A suspicious substance
discovered Monday at an Internal Revenue Service building is not
hazardous, a
U.S. Postal
Inspection Service official said. A portion of an office building that
houses an Internal Revenue Service mail processing center was evacuated
after an unknown substance was found about
11:15 a.m.” “ ‘There was an envelope
that appeared to have seeds inside,’ Buttars said. ‘What it was is not
known yet.’ ”
: “Hundreds of people had to
evacuate, and dozens of downtown businesses were disrupted, all because of
a suspicious package found near the
IRS
building — the contents of which were soon found to be harmless.”
: “Fox 4 reported that this was
the second day in a row that workers had found a suspicious package. On
Sunday, a powdery substance was found in an envelope (it wasn’t anything
threatening).”
: “The FBI
is now investigating a discovery at Ogden’s James V. Hansen Federal
Building that caused a scare, and the evacuation of more than 200
employees.”
: “An inspector at the Fresno
IRS
noticed a package in the mail room with a suspicious odor. … The Fresno
PD Bomb
squad was called in and the contents inside the package were an unknown
type of feces.”
: “Workers at a downtown
Oklahoma City
IRS
building and people inside the Colcord Hotel were allowed to return after
police investigated a suspicious package that was found Monday
morning.”
Note that in many of these cases, there was no deliberate threat involved, but
merely an over-cautious reaction based on previous threats. For example: The
tactic of including a tea bag with your tax paperwork as a form of protest
alluding to the Boston Tea Party has been a periodic American craze for over
sixty years, but nowadays any tea-bag-sized lumps in envelopes are an occasion
for a very disruptive evacuation and visit from the
hazmat team.
And then there’s this:
: “Angry New Zealand farmers are
reportedly sending parcels of cattle manure to cabinet ministers in a
campaign against a so-called “flatulence tax” on their animals. New
Zealand Post said it was treating the campaign “as seriously as
cyanide”…”
Actual bombings and other attacks
In addition to these mailed threats and suspicious packages, most of which
turn out to be bluffs, there have been cases of indisputably real attacks on
tax offices. For example:
In , a letter bomb exploded
in the hands of the director general of Equitalia, a quasi-private
company that handles taxes in Italy. The following month, three bombs
went off outside Equitalia’s offices in Naples. In
another branch was
struck with molotov cocktails. “The phrases ‘Thieves’ and ‘Death to
Equitalia’ were sprayed onto outside walls.”
A couple of years back, a fellow named Joe Stack loaded up his small plane
with fuel and flew it into the offices of the
IRS,
torching the building and killing an
IRS
employee (in addition to himself). National Treasury Employees Union
president Colleen Kelley said that after Joe Stack’s kamikaze attack,
“there were calls where taxpayers said they were thinking of ‘taking
flying lessons’ in the context of an audit or a collection. There are 70
that have been reported.”
During the Poll Tax rebellion, “In Cambridgeshire two petrol bombs were
thrown at the Poll Tax Headquarters and Anti-Poll Tax slogans were sprayed
on the side of the building…”
A patrol moves around ruins of the income tax office in Jerusalem after a
bomb wrecked the building.
, Jewish independence fighters
bombed an income tax office in Palestine, killing a constable, and
injuring five others. “All employes had been evacuated from the building
following a telephone warning 10 minutes before the blast. Police said
three Jews, one dressed as an Arab, pushed a bomb-laden, Arab-type
delivery cart into the building and fled, after clubbing a Jewish
policeman and snatching a rifle from an Arab guard. Police tried to drag
the cart from the building, but the rope parted. They said they then
detonated the bomb with rifle fire, but ‘miscalculated the charge.’ ”
In , the Railway Protection Movement in
Sichuan destroyed tax offices there.
In St. Claire county,
Missouri, in , “a gang of armed men rode into the county seat of Osceola and held tax officials at gunpoint while its members stole all the official tax records. … The gang destroyed the tax records, and that meant that the county had no way of taxing anyone.” A year and a half later: “Around midnight on , an armed gang forced Deputy Treasurer K.B. Wooncott to take its members to the county offices. The gang seized the railroad tax book and escaped into the night.”
During the rioting that followed the British parliament’s failure to pass
the Reform Bill in , the mob burned the
Custom-house and Excise-office, along with many other government
buildings.
In Hippolyte Taine’s history of the French Revolution, he includes many
examples of attacks on tax offices:
“the crowd, rushing off to the barriers, to the gates of Sainte-Claire
and Perrache, and to the Guillotière bridge, burn or demolish the
bureaux, destroy the registers, sack the lodgings of the clerks, carry
off the money and pillage the wine on hand in the depôt.”
“At Limoux, under the pretext of searching for grain, they enter the
houses of the comptroller and tax contractors, carry off their
registers, and throw them into the water along with the furniture of
their clerks.”
“at Aupt and at Luc nothing remains of the weighing-house but the four
walls; at Marseilles the house of the slaughter-house contractor, at
Brignolles that of the director of the leather excise, are sacked: the
determination is ‘to purge the land of excise-men.’ ”
“…the windows of the excise office are smashed, and the public notices
are torn down…”
“During the months of , the tax offices are burnt in almost every town in the
kingdom.”
“Without waiting, however, for any legal measures, they take the
authority on themselves, rush to the toll-houses and drive out the
clerks…”
“…the pillagers who, on the
, set fire to the tax offices…”
Taine also notes that “in Issoudun after , against the combined imposts[, s]even or
eight thousand vine-dressers burnt the archives and tax-offices and dragged
an employé through the streets, shouting out at each street-lamp, ‘Let him be
hung!’ ”
In Naples in , a tax revolt expressed
itself with attacks on tax offices: “On one beautiful summer night the custom-house in the great market-place flew up into the air. A quantity of powder had been conveyed into it by unknown hands, and in the morning nothing remained but the blackened ruins.” “the populace proceeded from fruit to stones, put to flight the tax-gatherers and sbirri, crowded into the custom-house, destroyed the table and chairs, set fire to the ruins as well as the account-books, so that soon a bright flame rose up amidst the loud rejoicings of the bystanders.” The archbishop, under pressure from the crowd, “ordered them aloud, and in the presence of all, to pull down the custom-houses”
Nonviolent blockades and occupations
Nonviolent tactics have also been directed at disrupting tax offices.
I mentioned
the “Free Keene”
activists in New Hampshire who were arrested for entering an
IRS
office and trying to convince the employees there to resign their positions.
Here are some other examples:
Anti-war demonstrators used handcuffs to lock the doors of an
IRS
building in Rochester, New York, for about a half hour in
.
Poll Tax resisters in Glasgow occupied a tax office, and, as the staff
retreated, took their places at the walk-up windows. One of the occupiers,
John Cooper, remembers: “I just sat down at the desk and said through the
glass, ‘Can I help you?’ I says, ‘It’s okay; you don’t need to pay any
more, it’s abolished!’ and the guy says, ‘Are you sure?’ I says, ‘I’m
positive. You know what I’d do with this money: go and spend it, have a
good time.’ He says, ‘You’re having me on.’ I could see the guy was still
uncertain, so there was a bunch of pads for phone messages — I ripped one
of them off and said, ‘If there’s any bother just send that in to
us.’ ”
Another group of anti-war activists, including representatives from the
War Resisters League and NWTRCC,
performed a sit-down blockade at
IRS
headquarters for about an hour in .
Often in tax resistance campaigns, not everybody is able to be a tax resister, for instance because not everybody is responsible for the tax being resisted, or because the point of the resistance is that some of the people being taxed ought not to be (and so only that class of people is resisting).
In such cases it can be useful to inspire those who cannot themselves resist the tax to show solidarity for the movement in other ways, and it can also help to provide or suggest roles that non-resisting sympathizers can play in the campaign.
Today I’ll mention some examples.
The Rebecca Rioters knew how to make their tollgate destruction popular among people who couldn’t (or even wouldn’t) participate directly.
For example:
One night, Rebeccaites destroyed the Rhos Gate, the Rhydyfuwch Gate, and the gate on the Llangoedmore road near Cardigan.
“ was market day in Cardigan, and every one who drove in was exempted from paying the usual toll, except those who came over the coach-road.
The people, looking at things from that point of view, were filled with Rebeccaite enthusiasm.
On that day nothing was heard at public-houses but proposals of good health and long life to Rebecca.”
On another occasion, they pointedly left intact the gates on “the Queen’s high road” but destroyed those on roads that the various parishes were required to maintain.
“This rendered Rebecca not unpopular amongst some farmers and others, many of whom paid the fine, rather than be sworn in as special constables.”
The Rebeccaites also sometimes resorted to threats to induce reluctant people to participate.
In one example:
All male inhabitants being householders of the hundred, were to meet , at the “Plough and Harrow,” Newchurch parish, to march in procession to Carmarthen — to defy the Mayor and magistrates, and to destroy the gate on their return.
Rich and poor were to be compelled to attend, and in case of illness a substitute must be found.
All owners of horses were to ride.
All persons absent without a sufficient excuse or substitute were to have their houses and barns destroyed by fire.
and in another:
[I]n order to ensure a full attendance of her followers, the church doors in the neighbourhood of Elvet were covered with notices in the dead of night, signed by “’Becca,” commanding all males above the age of sixteen and under seventy to appear at the “Plough and Harrow” on under pain of having their houses burnt and their lives sacrificed.
The time and place of meeting were also published by word of mouth at most of the Dissenting meeting-houses throughout the hundred, and wherever a disinclination was known to exist on the part of any person to join in the procession and to take part in the intended proceedings, he was privately admonished if he wished to protect his property from the firebrand of the midnight incendiary, and to excuse himself from personal injury, that he had better join the procession — “or else.”
This species of intimidation had the effect of drawing together immense numbers to the place of rendezvous.
despite the threats:
[Their cheers] were lustily responded to by groups of spectators who had by this time completely filled Guildhall Square, so that the Rebeccaites could hardly pass through.
At one point they explicitly threatened an attorney to make him join them on one of their destructive sprees, “so that if any proceedings were subsequently taken, he as local solicitor might be made a party to them.”
They sometimes also forced the toll house operators to take part in the destruction of their own toll houses.
When Palestinian Jews practiced tax resistance against the British occupation government in the at least one Jew back in London stopped paying his income tax as well.
In , in support of Palestinian doctors who were refusing to pay an Israeli income tax, shopkeepers in Gaza City launched multiple two-day strikes.
Some men who were sympathetic to the tax resistance of the Women’s Tax Resistance League found that they could participate in the campaign by exploiting a legal technicality that made them responsible for paying their wives’ income taxes.
If their wives refused to pay, and they were unable to pay and had no property to seize, they might be imprisoned for tax refusal — and some were.
American revolutionaries who were using boycotts and other means to try to cut off the support of taxed and British-monopoly products found allies back in the home country in the form of manufacturers and exporters who begged Parliament to rescind the taxes so as to bring the boycotts to an end.
War tax resister Vickie Aldrich recently got some pro bono legal assistance from law students in her battle with the IRS.
When residents of Beit Sahour launched a tax strike against the Israeli occupation, Israel put the town under seige.
Christian groups around the world attempted to bring humanitarian aid to the city, or even to visit (including the heads of the Greek Orthodox and Armenian Orthodox churches), but were turned away by the Israeli military.
The success of the anti-Poll Tax movement in Thatcher’s Britain relied on mass popular support.
The Anti-Poll Tax Unions “had to make people feel wanted and included and give everyone a sense that they had a role,” said movement chronicler Danny Burns.
“In order to sustain a long and protracted struggle, it was necessary for as many people as possible to feel responsible for some aspect of the movement, however small.
In the fight against the bailiffs and sheriff officers, the kids hanging around the streets passed on the word as soon as they saw a suspicious-looking character.
Parents and pensioners who were not out at work organised telephone trees and were ready to be at each others’ houses at short notice.”
If you can convince an organization to endorse tax resistance, or to recommend it to its members, this can strengthen your campaign and bring in new resisters.
Tax resistance in the women’s suffrage movement started with individual women who saw the logic (and the rhetorical power) of the “no taxation without representation” stand.
But it was an uphill climb to get suffrage organizations to endorse the tactic.
Here are some examples from the U.S.:
Both Susan B. Anthony and E. Oakes Smith offered resolutions advocating tax resistance at the Syracuse Women’s Rights Convention in , but the records of the convention do not indicate whether these resolutions were taken up or voted on.
In the newly-formed Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage announced that while it did not plan to organize a tax resistance campaign, it “would have every sympathy with such action.”
This came in the wake of a call to tax resistance by Anna Howard Shaw, president of National American Woman Suffrage Association.
and from the United Kingdom:
In , the Women’s Freedom League, which had advocated tax resistance since , was joined by the older Women’s Social and Political Union.
“It is to be hoped,” wrote a League member in their newsletter, “that the Women’s Tax Resistance League will succeed in persuading all the other Suffrage Societies to unite on this logical policy of refusing supplies until our grievance is redressed.”
In , the Federated Council of Suffrage Societies “unanimously and enthusiastically” endorsed tax resistance and “recommended its adoption as a means of supporting their demands for a Government measure of Woman Suffrage.”
The classic example of a group adopting tax resistance is that of the Society of Friends, or Quakers.
Since the founding of the Society, it had a policy of instructing members to refuse to pay tithes to rival churches, and this soon expanded to teaching Quakers not to pay taxes for “drums, colors, or for other warlike uses” or fines assessed for refusal to participate in the military.
These policies would be codified in a book of “discipline,” and Quakers who deviated from them would be subject to a process of correction, or, if they continued to defy the policy, “disowning.”
The extent of the policy could change over time, and from meeting to meeting, and there could be heated argument about how strict a standard of tax resistance Quakers should be held to.
Miners’ lodges in western Australia met and voted to instruct the Coal and Shale Employees’ Federation to launch a tax strike in it and other employees’ unions and to back it up with a general strike if the government took action against resisters, in .
In , three American “peace” churches — representing Quakers, Brethren, and Mennonites — issued a joint statement that called for war tax resistance among the 350,000 church members there.
The United Ireland Party — known as the “Blue Shirts” — passed a tax resistance resolution at its annual conference in .
In , the Landlords Association, a group of Jewish property owners in Palestine, adopted a policy of refusing to pay taxes to the British occupation government in protest against its “White Paper” policy.
After the passage of the Education Act which gave taxpayer money to sectarian schools, the Leeds Free Church Council voted 89 to one in favor of promoting tax resistance.
The New York Automobile Club met in and decided to advise its members not to pay a new license fee that it considered to be illegal.
The Moslem League instructed its members to refuse to pay a punitive tax to the United Provinces of British India in .
