Tax resistance in the “Peace Churches” → Quakers → American Quaker War Tax Resistance (David M. Gross)

Coming soon: American Quaker War Tax Resistance.

I’m getting down to the final stages of my American Quaker War Tax Resistance book. Here’s a peek at the index. The page numbers won’t mean much to you except to give you an idea of how much print is devoted to any particular topic.

A

  • abolitionism 104, 162, 210, 391
  • An Account of the Gospel Labours and Christian Experiences, of that Faithful Minister of Christ, John Churchman 70–72, 92
  • An Account of the Life of that Ancient Servant of Jesus Christ, John Richardson 62–63
  • An Account of the Sufferings of Friends of North Carolina Yearly Meeting (Spencer) 390–396
  • Adams, Peter 427
  • An Address to Protestants (Penn) 33, 39
  • An Address to the People Called Quakers (Taber) 174, 185–196
  • The Advocate of Peace 428
  • Alexander, William 152–153
  • Allen, John 115
  • Allen, William 56, 114
  • Allinson, Samuel 154–171
  • Amish 265, 311
  • Amon, James 311
  • anarchy 192
  • Andrews, Samuel 8
  • Anne of England 16, 46
  • Anthony, Henry B. 423–426
  • The Apology for the True Christian Divinity (Barclay) 30
  • Archdale, John 100
  • Arkansas 357
  • Armistead, Wilson 20–22
  • Armitt, John 79
  • Assembly see parliaments
  • Autobiography (Franklin) 55–61
  • Autobiography of Benjamin Hallowell 227–228

B

  • Babcock, Samuel 122
  • Baker, Jeremiah 172
  • Banks, Ephraim 263, 307–310
  • Barclay, Robert 26, 30–32, 128, 130–132, 193
  • Barker, Cyrus 383, 395
  • Barker, Nathan 383, 395
  • Barnard, Richard 150, 184
  • Barratt, Thomas 9
  • Bartram, James 79
  • Bates, Benjamin 197, 358–359
  • Beavers, Joseph 114
  • Bell, Thomas S. 273–280, 289, 301, 339–342
  • Benezet, Anthony 73, 79, 95–96, 138–139, 154, 173–174, 176, 178–179
  • Besse, Joseph 8–9
  • Bible verses and episodes
    • Acts 5:29 13, 32, 160–161, 217, 220, 407, 416, 418
    • 2 Corinthians 10:4 37, 146, 155, 353
    • Isaiah 2:4 39, 77, 154, 157, 222, 351, 375, 430
    • James 4:1 155, 168, 180, 223, 352, 417
    • John 18:36 14, 35, 90, 163, 214, 217, 223, 353
    • Love your enemies… 30, 32, 77, 110, 155, 179, 217, 240, 352, 363, 417, 432
    • Matthew 17:24–27 109, 111, 125–126, 160, 218, 220, 298
    • No man can serve two masters… 37, 41
    • 1 Peter 2:13–17 26–27, 108, 160–161, 182, 192, 239, 351
    • Render unto Caesar… 25, 27–28, 31, 38, 43, 54, 91, 111, 127–128, 160–161, 219–220, 238, 254, 281, 299, 318, 324, 336, 375–376, 451
    • Romans 13 26–28, 38, 112, 160–161, 192, 194, 237, 254–255, 263, 336, 362, 379, 382, 391, 419
  • Bi-Centennial of Brick Meeting-House 144–145
  • Biddle, Edmund 64
  • Biddle, James C. 245, 292–295
  • Biographical Sketches and Anecdotes of Members of the Religious Society of Friends (Walton) 147–148
  • Black, James 146
  • Bliss, William Root 86–87
  • Boggs, James 146
  • bonds 378, 438
  • bounty taxes see militia exemption taxes
  • Bourne, Benjamin 188
  • Bowden, James 139–143, 151
  • Bownas, Samuel 4, 127–128, 168
  • Bowne, John 8
  • boycott 210
  • Boyd, Andrew 146
  • Braddock, Edward 63–64
  • Branson, Ann 374, 384–386, 402, 439–440
  • Branson, Asa 370–371, 442–443
  • Branson, Rebecca 440
  • Brethren 221, 275
  • Bright, John 80
  • Bringhouse, John 52
  • Brinton, Moses 183
  • Brown, Albert W. 380
  • Brown, Charles 247, 258–259
  • Brown, Isiah 183
  • Brown, Joshua 145, 184
  • Brown, Moses 154, 173–174, 176–177
  • Brown, Rachel 144
  • Brown, Robert 122
  • Brown, Thomas 79
  • Brown, William 78, 95–96
  • Bucer, Martin 32
  • Bundy, William 2
  • Burton, Daniel 9
  • Byer, Richard 2
  • Byfield, Nathaniel 13, 15

C

  • Callender, William 74
  • Calvin, John 32, 215
  • Campion, Cornelius 9
  • Canada 10, 12, 16–18, 25, 27–31, 49, 55
  • Carleton, Thomas 78
  • Carpenter, Samuel 28, 38
  • Carter, George 8
  • Carter, John 379
  • Cartland, Fernando G. 381–384
  • Cary Rebellion 2
  • A Century of Puritanism (Cooke) 18–20
  • Chamberlain, David 114
  • Chandler, Joseph R. 257, 298, 344–345
  • Charles Ⅰ of England 108
  • Charles Ⅱ of England 26, 43, 47–48, 108, 276
  • Charter of Charles Ⅱ to William Penn 43, 47–48, 72, 140, 261–262, 280
  • Christian Advices (PYM) 70, 175
  • Christianity 12, 26, 30–32, 35, 46, 49, 51, 85, 89, 91, 93–94, 105, 116, 143–144, 146, 148, 180, 215–217, 225, 247, 265, 387
    • tax paying and 67, 189, 219–220, 225
    • see also Bible verses and episodes
    • see also Jesus
    • see also Puritanism
  • church and state 30, 34, 38, 41–42, 46, 48, 51, 74, 81, 87
  • church rates 3, 6, 19, 29, 108, 164, 194, 214, 220, 222, 307, 315, 333, 403, 419, 446
    • see also hireling ministry
  • Churchman, John 70–73, 78, 92, 95, 162, 166, 373
  • Civil War, American 197, 362, 371, 389, 412, 418, 420, 432
  • Claridge, Samuell 27
  • Clarke, Joshua 122
  • Clifton, Henry 114
  • Cline, Andrew J. 336–338
  • Clinton, DeWitt 228–229
  • Clinton, George 56
  • Clothier, Caleb 448
  • Coates, Isaac 184
  • Coates, Moses 183
  • Coleman, Barnabas 86
  • Coleman, Nathaniel 86
  • A Collection of the Sufferings of the People called Quakers, for the Testimony of a Good Conscience 8–9
  • Collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania 45–52
  • commutation tax see militia exemption taxes
  • Confederacy 365, 379, 390
  • Congress see parliaments
  • Connecticut 16
  • Conrow, David 439–440
  • conscience 3, 7, 13–14, 27–29, 39, 43, 54, 66, 87, 111, 130–132, 140–141, 143, 212–217, 220–222, 225, 229–230, 237, 247, 255, 260, 263–264, 266, 272, 277–278, 280, 283, 293, 300–301, 304, 307, 309, 315, 336, 338, 358–359, 387–388
  • Conscience in America (Schlissel) 202–203
  • conscientious objection to military taxation, legal 77, 177, 280, 358
  • The Conscript Quakers (Foster) 410
  • conscription 4–5, 12, 63, 76, 99–100, 380, 390–392, 404, 411–413, 420, 422, 425, 429, 435, 438
  • Cooke, Parsons 18–20
  • Coolbach, William 114
  • Cope, Morris 437–438
  • Cope, Samuel 182, 184
  • Cope, Thomas P. 241–246, 253, 259, 317
  • Coppack, Samuel 145
  • Lord Cornbury see Hyde, Edward
  • Cornwell, Thomas 13, 15
  • Correspondence Between William Penn and James Logan 22
  • court cases see trials
  • cowardice 3, 13, 263, 273, 290, 330–331
  • Cowgill, John 151
  • Cox, Samuel Hanson 237–239
  • Crenshaw, John B. 379
  • Croasdale, Ezra 40
  • Cromwell, Oliver 108, 128
  • Culpeper rebellion 2
  • Cummin, John 247–256, 259, 261–263, 297–299, 339–342, 344, 346–349
  • currency 97, 100, 102–104, 115, 120–121, 142–144, 149–152, 167, 219, 372, 378, 382, 403, 443
  • customs duties see excise taxes

D

  • Daniel, Junius 392
  • Darlington, William 259–260, 285–292
  • Davis, Amos 184
  • Davis, Jefferson 427
  • Davis, Timothy 106–113, 129, 173–174, 176, 185–187, 190–191, 194
  • Davis, William 8–9
  • Dean, Joshua M. 411
  • Dean, William L. 411
  • Debates of the Convention to Amend the Constitution of Pennsylvania 445–450
  • The Debates, Resolutions, and Other Proceedings of the Convention of Delegates, Assembled at Portland (Perley) 211–222
  • debt, taxes as 163, 207, 233, 341, 359, 375
  • defensive war see offensive vs. defensive war
  • Delaware (Indians) 74, 84
  • Delaware (state) 11
  • Dell, William 40–42
  • Dicks, Peter 74
  • Dillwin, John 52
  • Dillwyn, George 174
  • Dinwiddie, Robert 63
  • The Discipline of the Society of Friends (Ohio YM) 222–224
  • Discipline of the Society of Friends (Canada YM) 450–451
  • Discipline of the Yearly Meeting of Friends (New York YM) 350
  • Discipline of the Yearly Meeting of Friends (PYM) 153
  • disowning 76, 101, 145, 187, 191, 224, 238, 350, 373, 402, 440, 451
  • distraint 1, 3, 6, 8–9, 16, 19, 22, 27, 35, 40, 44, 65–66, 70, 73, 76, 79, 83, 85–88, 90, 93, 98–100, 106, 114–115, 122, 140, 145, 148, 150, 164, 172, 178–184, 198–199, 202, 207, 210–211, 223, 226–228, 240, 242, 253, 255, 271, 317, 344, 348, 352, 362, 364, 369–370, 373, 388, 398, 400, 403–404, 423–425, 440, 444, 447, 449, 451
  • Dixon, William 183
  • Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New Jersey (Whitehead) 16
  • Dodge, David 381
  • Doolittle, James R. 426
  • Dorsey, William 359–361, 448
  • Dortch, William T. 379
  • draft see conscription
  • Drinker, Elizabeth 172
  • Drinker, Joseph 114
  • Dunkers 60, 265, 282, 381
  • Dunlop, James 270–273
  • Dunn, Walter 407
  • Dutartre, Peter 215
  • duties see excise taxes
  • Dymond, Jonathan 376

E

  • Eastburn, Samuel 78
  • Eastchurch, Thomas 2
  • Edmundson, William 377–378
  • Ely, Joshua 78
  • English Friends 3–5, 27, 50, 52, 62–63, 66, 79, 95, 107, 166–167, 174, 188, 194
  • Epistle to the Members of the Yearly Meeting 415–421
  • Evans, Evan 146
  • Evans, John 11, 20, 22, 70, 78, 146
  • Evans, Joshua 90–91, 93, 201–202
  • Evans, Thomas 437–438
  • excise taxes 20, 75, 201, 205, 376–377, 398, 403
  • excommunication see disowning
  • Exiles in Virginia (Shotwell) 119
  • Extracts from the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker 172

F

  • Farrington, Abraham 78
  • Feke, John 8
  • Ferree, John 183
  • Ferris, Benjamin 79
  • Finch, Richard 133–135
  • Fletcher, Benjamin 9–10
  • Folger, Jethro 86
  • for the king’s use 23, 43, 53, 55, 59, 61, 63, 70, 77
  • fortifications 3, 7, 11, 13, 20, 49, 56, 62, 65, 73, 166, 204
  • Forward, Walter 301–307, 310, 319, 325, 327, 333–336, 338
  • Foster, Ethan 410
  • Fothergill, John 83
  • Fothergill, Samuel 78, 82, 87, 167
  • Fox, George 26–27, 29, 38, 124, 128, 168, 174, 189–190, 372, 408, 443
  • Frame of Government of Pennsylvania (Penn) 11
  • Francis, Thomas 212
  • Franklin, Benjamin 46, 55–61, 63, 74, 80, 84
  • Franks, Jacob 172
  • Free Quakers 96, 238
  • French and Indian War 4–5, 63, 68, 70, 74–75, 80, 83–84, 86, 90, 297, 348
  • The Friend 239, 409
  • Friend Anthony Benezet (Brookes) 95–96, 173–174, 176–178
  • The Friend of Peace 228–229
  • Friendly Association for Regaining and Preserving Peace with the Indians 84
  • Friends’ Intelligencer 359–361
  • The Friends’ Library 82
  • Friends’ Miscellany 118
  • Friends’ Review 354–358
  • Fuller, John 256–259, 295–297

G

  • Gardner, John 122
  • Gardner, Jonathan 86
  • Gardner, Nathaniel 87
  • Gearhart, Jacob 114
  • Georgia 6, 101, 197
  • Gérard de Rayneval, Conrad Alexandre 137–139
  • Gibbons, Abraham 150
  • Gookin, Charles 16, 18
  • government 9, 34–37, 45–46, 51, 62, 67, 88, 111, 127, 143, 163–165, 171, 190, 192, 194, 216, 220–221, 238, 252, 254–255, 264, 271, 302, 308–309, 329, 335, 451
    • civil vs. military 48, 126, 160–161, 164–165, 177, 200, 356, 376, 437
    • see also church and state
    • see also law rests on violence
  • Grey, Isaac 123–136
  • Griffith, Abraham 173
  • Gurneyism 401–402, 445

H

  • Hall, Nathan 374, 376, 396–398, 443
  • Hall, Rufus 204–205
  • Hallowell, Benjamin 227–228
  • Hammons, John 146
  • Handcock, Steven 2
  • Harlan, James 423
  • Harriot, Samuel 28, 30
  • Harvery, William 200
  • Haupock, John 114
  • Hawthorne, T.J. 440–441
  • The Haydocks’ Testimony (Wood) 432–436
  • Hazard, Carder 122
  • Hazard, Caroline 121–123
  • Hazard, Rowland 122
  • Hazard, Thomas 121–123
  • Hicks, Edward 353
  • Hicks, Elias 208–210
  • Hill, Richard 21–22
  • Hill, Samuel 2
  • Hinshaw, Jacob (Amos) 383, 395
  • Hinshaw, Thomas 383–384, 395
  • hireling ministry 159, 202, 419
    • see also church rates
  • Historical Account of the Most Celebrated Voyages (Mavor) 75–77
  • History of Pennsylvania (Gordon) 297
  • History of Pennsylvania (Proud) 21, 281–282, 309, 324
  • The History of the Society of Friends in America 116–118, 139–144, 151
  • Hobson, Joseph 370, 439, 441, 443
  • Hockett, Himelius M. 391, 393, 404–409
  • Hockett, Jesse D. 391–392
  • Hockett, William B. 393–396
  • Hogg, James 2
  • Holbrook, Frederick 413
  • Holmes, John 212–213
  • Hoopes, John Jr. 182
  • Hopkinson, Joseph 305
  • Horace 236
  • Horne, William 79
  • Howe, William 137, 139
  • Howel, Joshua 172
  • Howland, Thomas 351–352
  • Howlands, Job 12
  • Hoyl, William 74
  • Hunt, John 79, 188
  • Hussey, William 86
  • Hutton, Benjamin 183
  • Hyde, Edward (Lord Cornbury) 16, 22

I

  • Illinois 357
  • imports 201, 377
  • imprisonment 1–2, 4–5, 12–13, 15, 35, 83, 98, 114–115, 119, 139–140, 152, 197, 211, 213, 229–230, 239–240, 244, 271, 302, 352, 392–394, 406–407, 422, 427, 447, 449
  • Indiana 357, 380
  • Inslee, Joseph 114
  • Iowa 402
  • Ireland, Nicholas 40

J

  • Jackson, Andrew 253
  • Jackson, William 78
  • Jamaica 8–9
  • James 155
  • James Ⅱ of England 108
  • James, Abel 172
  • Jennings, Joseph 8–9
  • Jesus 14, 24, 26, 28, 30–31, 35, 68, 77, 89–91, 109, 111, 117, 218, 375
    • see also Christianity
  • Johnson, Nathaniel 100
  • Johnson, Reverdy 426
  • Johnson, Samuel 114
  • Johnston, Joseph 114
  • Jones, John B. 414
  • Jones, Owen 96
  • Jones, Rufus M. 7–8
  • Jordan, Robert 51–52
  • The Journal and Essays of John Woolman 77–79, 88–89, 94–95
  • Journal of Ann Branson 384–386
  • The Journal of John Woolman 65–68
  • Journal of the Life and Religious Labours of Elias Hicks 208–210
  • A Journal of the Life, Religious Exercises, and Travels in the Work of the Ministry of Rufus Hall 204–205
  • A Journal of the Life, Travels, and Gospel Labours of that Faithful Servant and Minister of Christ, Job Scott 101–103, 115–116, 120, 148
  • A Journal of the Life, Travels, and Religious Labours, of William Savery 203
  • A Journal of the Life, Travels, Labours, and Religious Exercises of Isaac Martin 205
  • A Journal of the Life, Travels, Religious Exercises, and Labours in the Work of the Ministry, of Joshua Evans 90–91, 93, 201–202
  • Julian, George W. 380

K

  • Kentucky 357
  • Kester, John 114
  • Kester, Paul 114
  • Kester, Samuel 114
  • Kincade, James M. 395
  • King William’s War 10–11
  • King, Nathan 115
  • Kirkbride, Joseph 40
  • Kirkbride, Mahlon 74
  • Knowles, William 121–122
  • Knox, John 315

L

  • Lamborn, Thomas 439
  • Lamborn, William 184
  • Lane, James H. 424
  • Lapp, Adam 172
  • Large, Ebenezer 52
  • Later Periods of Quakerism (Jones) 208, 412, 429
  • law rests on violence 30, 35, 46–48, 133, 165, 177, 238, 428
  • laws 1–6, 12, 16, 44, 50, 53, 55, 64–65, 77, 84, 141, 180, 182, 196–198, 200, 202, 209, 211, 216, 229, 231–232, 236, 245, 300, 354–355, 359, 364, 379–380, 382, 388, 390, 412, 427
  • legislatures see parliaments
  • A Letter From a Friend (Davis) 106– 113, 174
  • levies and liens see distraint
  • Lewis, Enoch 229–237, 354–358
  • Liberty and Conscience (Brock) 8, 227, 239
  • license fees 376, 398
  • Life and Ancestry of Warner Mifflin (Justice) 104–106
  • The Life of Gouverneur Morris (Sparks) 206–208
  • The Life of Thomas Story 12–15
  • Lights and Shadows of Quakerism (Ryder) 451
  • Lincoln, Abraham 389
  • Lindley, Jacob 150, 200
  • Lloyd, David 17–18
  • Lloyd, John 176
  • Locke, John 309
  • Logan, James 45, 51–52, 58–59, 80
  • Logan, William 52, 74
  • Luther, Martin 32, 315

M

  • M’Cahen, John J. 263–264, 269, 273
  • Macamore, Thomas 12
  • Macomber, Lindley M. 411
  • Macomber, Thomas see Macamore, Thomas
  • Macy, John 86
  • Madison, James 207
  • Maine 288–289, 303, 312
    • constitutional convention of 211–222
  • Mammon, God and see Bible verses and episodes
  • Martin, Benjamin 257, 267–269
  • Martin, Isaac 205
  • Mary Ⅱ of England 10
  • Maryland 21, 345
  • Mason, Benjamin 150, 184, 200
  • Massachusetts 12, 15, 18–20, 61, 86, 107, 109, 229, 242, 312
  • Matthews, Oliver 22
  • Maule, Jacob 440
  • Maule, Joshua 362–365, 369–378, 386–390, 396, 399–404, 430–432, 439–445
  • Maule, Thomas 23
  • Mavor, William 75–77
  • McLean, John R. 379
  • Meetings for Sufferings 98, 141, 154, 176, 185, 209, 359
    • Baltimore 361
    • London 66, 72, 188
    • New England 383
    • North Carolina 379, 413
    • Philadelphia 118, 139, 437
    • Western 361
    • see also Minutes of the Meeting for Sufferings
  • Memoirs of James Logan 20–22
  • Memoirs of the Life and Religious Labors of Edward Hicks 353
  • memorials see petitions
  • Mendenhall, Nereus 379, 414
  • Mennonites 99, 139, 197, 259, 265, 270–271, 274, 282, 298, 305, 331, 381
  • Merrill, James 312–317
  • Mershong, Andrew 114
  • Methodists 331
  • Mexican-American War 355
  • Michener, Ezra 149–150
  • Middleism 401
  • Mifflin, Warner 104–106
  • Miles, William P. 379
  • militia exemption taxes 1–6, 12, 14, 16, 19, 22, 70, 76, 85, 89, 94, 99–101, 113, 115, 119, 128, 140, 145, 154, 162, 175, 180–181, 184, 196–197, 200, 202, 209, 211, 213, 217, 220, 222, 224–232, 235, 237, 239–242, 245–247, 253, 256–258, 262, 264, 266–273, 278–280, 283, 288, 292–293, 296, 299–301, 308, 310–311, 319, 321–322, 332–333, 339, 341, 344, 347, 350, 352, 354–355, 357–359, 361, 372–374, 379–382, 384–385, 390–391, 395–396, 400–403, 405–407, 410, 412, 414–415, 419, 422–430, 432–438, 440, 443, 446–449, 451
    • a.k.a. bounty taxes, muster fines
    • see also substitutes, hiring
  • Miller, Joseph G. 429
  • Miller, Thomas 2
  • Millhouse, Thomas 150, 183
  • Milton, John 28, 36, 40
  • Minutes (Baltimore YM) 438
  • Minutes (North Carolina YM) 362
  • Minutes of the Meeting for Sufferings
    • Baltimore YM 361
    • New England YM 383
    • North Carolina YM 413
    • PYM 437–438
    • Western YM 361
  • Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania 9–10
  • Missouri 357
  • Mitchell, Isaac 370, 444
  • Mitchell, Mary 370
  • mixed taxes 4, 10, 14, 20, 23, 27, 43, 55, 62, 78, 82, 102, 106–107, 125, 148, 163–164, 166, 177–178, 186–187, 195, 204, 210, 258, 283, 291, 295, 354, 360–362, 371–373, 397, 403, 424, 428, 442–443
  • Moleworth, Henry 8
  • Monteiro, Aristides 365–369
  • Monthly Meetings 154, 186, 200, 224
    • Bush River 97
    • Concord 199
    • Evesham 119
    • Kingwood 85, 113–115
    • Nottingham 144–145
    • Rich Square 101
    • Sadsbury 184
    • Sandwich 187
    • Westbury 429
  • Moore, Andrew 183
  • Moore, Henry W. 448
  • Moore, James W. 85
  • Moore, Joseph 114–115
  • Moore, Richard 448
  • Moore, Samuel 114
  • Moravians see Brethren
  • Morris, Anthony 73
  • Morris, Gouverneur 206–208
  • Morris, James 57–58
  • Morris, Joshua 74
  • Morris, Lewis 16, 44–45, 53–54
  • Morris, Margaret 174
  • Mosby, John S. 366, 369
  • Mott, James 118
  • muster fines see militia exemption taxes

N

  • Napoleon 289
  • Nazarenes 381
  • Neale, William 9
  • Neate, William 9
  • New England 12–13, 28, 31, 54, 56, 59, 97, 312
  • New Hampshire 279
  • New Jersey 16, 29, 85, 98, 114–115, 139
  • New Materials for the History of the American Revolution (Durand) 137–139
  • New York 7, 10–11, 16, 28, 31, 56, 61, 79, 138, 204, 209, 213, 224, 228
    • constitutional convention of 224–227
  • Newby, Samuel 66
  • Newman, Robert 8
  • Nicholson, Thomas 79, 97
  • noncooperation 115, 117, 130, 132, 369
  • nonresistance 2, 19–20, 27, 76, 121, 312, 333, 451
  • Norris, Isaac 21, 23, 53
  • North Carolina 1–3, 5–6, 79, 96–97, 100–101, 196–197, 380, 383, 414

O

  • offensive vs. defensive war 30, 46, 57–58, 132–133, 161, 217
  • Ogden, David B. 206
  • Ohio 357, 387
  • “other grain” 54, 59–60
  • Otis, Samuel 439
  • overplus see surplus
  • Owen, Griffith 29

P

  • Paficicus 239–241
  • Papers of Governor Lewis Morris 44–45, 53–54
  • The Papers of Thomas Ruffin 427
  • parish tax see church rates
  • parliaments
    • American Congress 76, 104, 138–139, 204, 422
    • British 50, 74
    • Confederate Congress 379, 381, 390
    • North Carolina State Assembly 390
    • Pennsylvania Assembly 10–11, 17–18, 20, 43, 50, 53–55, 57, 59–64, 70–75, 80–81, 83–84, 89, 140–142, 144, 179, 181, 230, 282, 320, 354
    • Virginia legislature 197
  • Parsons, Samuel 224–226
  • partial withholding 365, 386–388
  • Parvin, Francis 74
  • Patterson, Isaac 386–389
  • Paul 24, 28, 112, 155, 159–161, 192, 194, 372
  • Paxon, William 114
  • Paxson, Henry 40
  • Peckham, Timothy 122
  • Peelle, Robert 101
  • Pemberton, Israel 73, 87
  • Pemberton, James 74, 83–85
  • Pemberton, John 73, 79, 116–118
  • Penn, Thomas 62
  • Penn, William 11, 22–23, 26, 28, 33, 39, 45–46, 58–59, 74, 80, 125, 127, 241, 247, 261–263, 276, 285, 306, 448–449
  • Pennington, Isaac 132–134, 190–191
  • Pennock, Nathaniel 74
  • Pennsylvania 4, 9–11, 16, 22–23, 43–44, 48–49, 53–55, 59, 61–65, 67–68, 73–75, 79–84, 87–89, 98, 100, 137, 139–140, 151, 229–230, 235, 242, 261, 277, 285, 345, 357, 359
    • constitutional convention of 241–349
    • constitutional convention of 445–450
    • see also Charter of Charles Ⅱ…
    • see also parliaments: Pennsylvania Assembly
  • Perry, Charles 410
  • Peter 26, 109–111, 161, 252
  • Peters, William 74
  • petitions 5–8, 21, 71–73, 88–89, 140–143, 179–184, 197–198, 202–203, 224–226, 241–244, 269, 284, 379, 390, 408, 438, 445, 448
  • Pettigrew, James J. 384
  • Phelps, Jonathan 2
  • Philadelphia 213
  • Philalethes 23–42
  • Phillips, Robert 8
  • Pike, John 9
  • Pimm, Thomas 146
  • Plain Truth (Franklin) 55
  • Pleasants, Robert 97, 178
  • Pluck, Colonel John 289
  • Pollock, Willson 123
  • Porter, James M. 246–247, 266–267, 297, 342–344
  • postage taxes 118
  • Pots, Thomas 31
  • Potter, Henry 121–122
  • Potter, Robert 122
  • Potter, Thomas 122
  • Powell, Cabot 408
  • Powell, Lazarus W. 424–425
  • Prahl, Abram 115
  • Preston, Samuel 21, 51
  • Preston, William B. 379
  • Price, John 2
  • Primitive Christianity (Cave) 67
  • Pringle, Cyrus G. 411–414
  • prize goods 154, 175, 223, 350, 451
  • Proceedings and Debates of the Convention of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 241–349
  • Prows, Henry 2
  • Pryer, Matthew 8
  • Puritanism 18
  • Purviance, Samuel A. 318
  • Pusey, Caleb 40
  • Pusey, John 183
  • Pusey, Joshua 150, 184, 200

Q

  • Quaint Nantucket (Bliss) 86–87
  • A Quaker Experiment in Government (Sharpless) 10–11, 16–18, 23, 43–44, 53–55, 61–65, 69, 73–75, 80–85, 87–88
  • Quakerism Not Christianity (Cox) 237–239
  • The Quakers in the American Colonies (Jones) 7
  • Queen Anne’s War 12, 49
  • Quick, Jacob 114

R

  • Ransom, Matthew 392, 406–407, 409
  • Reasons Against War, and Paying Taxes for its Support (Allinson) 154–171
  • Reckett, William 79
  • The Record of a Quaker Conscience (Pringle) 411–414
  • Records of the Kingwood Monthly Meeting (Moore) 85, 113–115
  • Redington, Samuel 211–212
  • Reese, Evan 146
  • Reigart, Emanuel C. 264–266, 310–312
  • Reports of the Proceedings and Debates of the Convention of 224–227
  • A Retrospect of Early Quakerism (Michener) 103, 119, 136, 146–147, 149–153, 179–184, 199–200
  • Revolution, American 6, 101, 104, 106–107, 112–113, 123, 137, 139–140, 142–144, 151, 159, 180, 185–186, 194, 196–197, 211, 226, 238, 241–242, 253, 256, 260, 348
  • Revolution, English 128
  • Reynolds, Jacob 145
  • Reynolds, Jacob Jr. 145
  • Reynolds, Joseph 145
  • Reynolds, Wenlock 404–407
  • Rhode Island 12–13, 15, 62, 121–123, 166
  • Richardson, John 8, 62–63, 166
  • Richardson, Joseph 150
  • Roberts, David 437–438
  • Roman censor 36
  • Root, Erastus 226–227
  • Rowles, Elizabeth 145
  • Rowles, Hezekiah 145
  • Rules of Discipline (PYM) 116
  • Rules of Discipline (Rhode Island YM) 89–90, 94, 178
  • Russell, Joseph 86
  • Russell, William 86
  • Ryder, Edward 451

S

  • Sacheverill, Henry 25
  • Savery, William 203
  • Scarborough, John 78
  • Scattergood, Joseph 445–447
  • Scott, Job 101–103, 115–116, 120, 148–149, 373
  • Scott, John M. 282
  • Second Thoughts Concerning War (Finch) 133–135
  • Seddon, James A. 427
  • Segar, John 121–122
  • Segar, Samuel 121–122
  • seizures see distraint
  • self-defense, compared with military defense 10, 46, 48, 50–51, 53, 264
  • Sellers, John 448
  • Sergeant, Jeremiah 144
  • A Serious Address (Grey) 123–136, 188
  • Sermon on the Mount see Bible verses and episodes
  • Servetus, Michael 215
  • Seven Years’ War see French and Indian War
  • Several Papers Given Forth (Fox) 26
  • Seward, William H. 410
  • Shakers 212, 229, 279, 288–289
  • Sharpless, Aaron 437–438
  • Sharpless, Isaac 10–11, 16–18, 23, 43–44, 53–55, 61–65, 73–75, 80–82, 84–85, 87–88
  • Shearman, Daniel 123
  • Sheppard, John E. 437–438
  • Shotwell, John 119
  • Sidwell, Ann 145
  • Smith, John 12, 15, 95
  • Smith, Robert 146
  • Smith, Samuel 114
  • Smyth, William 246
  • Snook, William 115
  • Snowdon, Joseph 415–421
  • Snyder, Henry 172
  • social contract theory 34, 88, 164, 207, 301, 359
  • Some Observations on the Militia System (Lewis) 229–237
  • South Carolina 6, 100, 197, 215, 269
  • Southern Heroes (Cartland) 381–384, 404–409, 414–415
  • Southern Quakers and Slavery (Weeks) 1–7, 96–101, 196–199, 379–380
  • southern states 1, 432
    • see also Confederacy
    • see also individual state names
  • Spencer, Nathan F. 390–396
  • Spicer, Samuel 8
  • Spotswood, Alexander 3
  • Spurgeon, Charles 408
  • Stabler, Edward 178
  • Stabler, Mary 179
  • Stackhouse, Thomas 40
  • Stanton, Daniel 79
  • Stanton, Edwin M. 410
  • Starbuck, William 87
  • Statutes at Large of South Carolina (Cooper) 197
  • Story, Thomas 12–15, 24–27, 29, 31–34, 38–39, 110, 125–127, 168–169, 372–373
  • Stout, Nathan 114
  • Strethill, Robert 52
  • Stubbs, Hannah 144
  • Sturdevant, Ebenezer W. 299–301
  • substitutes, hiring 89–90, 94, 99, 144–145, 148, 154, 197, 220, 224, 226, 231, 234, 242, 253, 257, 310, 371, 410, 412, 414, 419, 423–425, 443
    • see also militia exemption taxes
  • Sullivan, John 98
  • surplus, return of 16, 70, 76, 211, 223, 403, 440
  • Swayne, William 184
  • Syng, Philip 59

T

  • Taber, Joseph 185–196
  • Tabor, Louis 374
  • tax collectors 140, 147, 150, 182, 184, 199, 244, 317, 344, 398, 402
    • corruption of 76, 181, 226, 244, 246, 269, 355, 447
    • encounters with 8, 120, 146, 150, 182, 239, 364–370, 386, 389, 403, 440
    • resistance by 453
    • responses from 239, 387
  • Taylor, Abiah 182
  • Taylor, Abram 56
  • temple tax 160
  • Ten Eyck, John C. 422–423, 426
  • Tennessee 288–289, 303, 312, 357, 414, 427
  • A Testimony for the Truth (Maule) 430–432
  • Thatcher, George 213–222
  • The Haydocks’ Testimony (Wood) 381
  • Thomas Hazard son of Robert called College Tom (Hazard) 121–123
  • Thomas, George 50, 53, 55, 59
  • Thusstone, John 2
  • Tilton, John 8
  • tithes, see church rates
  • Transactions and Changes in the Society of Friends, and Incidents in the Life and Experience of Joshua Maule 362–365, 369–378, 386–390, 396–404, 439–445
  • trials 13–15, 152, 222
  • Tribute to Cæsar (Philalethes) 23–42
  • Trimble, Ann 145
  • Trotter, Benjamin 79
  • Tryon, William 6–7
  • Turnpenny, Jos. C. 448
  • Tuscarora Indian War 2

U

  • Underhill, John 8

V

  • Van Opdam, Heer 261
  • Vance, Zebulon B. 408, 414
  • Venable, C.S. 414–415
  • Vermont 279, 411, 413
  • Vestal, Tilghman 414–415, 427
  • Views of the Society of Friends in Relation to Civil Government (Howland) 351–352
  • Virginia 1, 3–7, 63–64, 76–77, 96–100, 197–198, 365, 383
  • voting 63, 81, 87, 97, 237–238, 264, 271, 389–390, 428

W

  • Walking Purchase 84
  • Walton, Joseph 147–148
  • War of 196, 205–209, 238
  • War of Jenkins’ Ear 55
  • War Reminiscences by the Surgeon of Mosby’s Command (Monteiro) 365–369
  • war taxes 4, 10, 18, 27–28, 30–31, 38, 43, 61–62, 65–67, 71, 76–77, 82, 84, 86–88, 91, 93, 97, 100, 102, 118, 120, 136–137, 143, 147–148, 150, 154, 163–165, 168, 175, 178, 180–181, 184, 195–196, 199, 201, 203–204, 207–210, 223, 225, 280, 291, 318, 354, 361, 363–364, 369–370, 372–374, 376, 378, 386–387, 397, 401, 403, 409, 413–414, 419, 424, 428, 430, 438–444, 451
  • Ward, Henry 9
  • Washington, George 5, 76, 152, 238, 290
  • Watson, John 151–153
  • Watson, Thomas 151–153
  • The Way of True Peace and Unity (Dell) 42
  • wealth encouraging war 49, 94–95, 163
  • Webster, John Jr. 183
  • Webster, Joseph 115
  • Webster, Susanah 114
  • Weeks, Stephen B. 1–7, 96–101, 196–199, 379–380
  • Welfare, Michael 60
  • Whitehead, William A. 16
  • Whiteside, William 150
  • William Ⅲ of England 108, 134
  • Williams, William 439–440
  • Willson, James 115
  • Willson, Samuel 115
  • Wilson, Christopher 79, 188
  • Wilson, Robert 146
  • Wood, Joseph 145
  • Wood, Lydia C. 381, 432–436
  • Woodward, George W. 280–284, 290, 299, 309, 314, 318–334, 336
  • Woolman, John 65–68, 77, 79, 88–89, 94–95, 162, 166, 373
  • Worral, Peter 74
  • Worth, Silvanus 86
  • Wynkoop, Henry 152

Y

  • Yamassee War 6
  • Yarnall, Eli 147–148
  • Yarnall, Mordecai 78
  • Yearly Meetings 198
    • Baltimore 198, 208, 361, 438
    • Canada 450
    • New England 351
    • New York 350, 409, 413
    • North Carolina 101, 197, 362, 382, 391, 427
    • Ohio 222–224, 363, 373, 426
    • Philadelphia 51–52, 66, 69–70, 72–73, 79, 82, 87, 97, 103, 116, 136, 141, 147, 149, 153, 175, 184, 199–200, 242, 373, 415, 430
    • Rhode Island 62, 89–90, 94, 178
    • Richmond 380
    • “Spanktown” 98
    • Virginia 97
    • Western 361, 412

Z

  • Zane, Isaac 79, 142–144
  • Zwingli, Huldrych 32

My new book, American Quaker War Tax Resistance, is now available (you can order it either directly from the publisher at CreateSpace or from Amazon.com). I get a bigger cut if you order from CreateSpace, but I think it’s probably a better deal for you if you order from Amazon, since that way the shipping is free.

American Quaker War Tax Resistance.

The book gathers together in one place documents from dozens of sources that show how war tax resistance developed in the Society of Friends in America. These documents illuminate the Quaker positions on war tax resistance from many angles — highlighting the search for truth within the Society of Friends as well as the interest, concern, or aggravation of those outside of the Society who, in one way or another, found themselves trying to understand or navigate the Quaker point of view.

This 500-page collection draws on a variety of sources, including:

  • histories of the Society of Friends, or of particular Meetings or regions
  • contemporary records of sufferings and minutes kept by Meetings
  • rules of discipline published by Meetings
  • commentaries published in Quaker-oriented periodicals
  • a novelization of the experiences of Quaker conscientious objectors
  • government records, and transcripts of legislative debates
  • published journals by individual Quakers
  • writings about pacifism and conscientious objection
  • writings by non-Quakers that relate episodes of Quaker war tax resistance
  • writings by people trying to refute or denounce Quakerism or Quaker war tax resistance
  • letters in which Quaker war tax resistance was discussed
  • pamphlets published by people taking one side or another in the debate over Quaker war tax resistance
  • petitions sent by individuals or Meetings to people in government
  • writings from non-Quaker peace movement groups that discussed Quaker conscientious objection

The collection is indexed, so that it’s easy to find all mentions of, for example, the “Render unto Caesar…” Bible verse, William Penn, “tax collectors: encounters with,” excise taxes, “social contract theory,” Mennonites, “offensive vs. defensive war,” or particular Meetings.

Some of the highlights of the collection include:

  • Philalethes’ “Tribute to Cæsar, How paid by the Best Christians, And to what Purpose; With Some Remarks on the late vigorous Expedition against Canada.…” — a hard-to-find pamphlet and one of the earliest and most strongly-worded arguments for war tax resistance.
  • Samuel Allinson’s “Reasons Against War, and Paying Taxes for Its Support” — This was only circulated in manuscript form during Allinson’s life, and is difficult to find, but was praised by such readers as Moses Brown and Anthony Benezet.
  • James Logan’s “Letter to the Society of Friends” — Logan was a Quaker who disapproved of pacifism and war tax resistance, and he put forth his reasons methodically and clearly in this letter.
  • A number of excerpts from the journal and writings of John Woolman on the subject of war tax resistance.
  • Timothy Davis’s “Letter from a Friend” in which he puts forward the “Free Quaker” case for paying taxes to the Continental Congress. Also Isaac Grey’s and Joseph Taber’s pamphlets of protest against the disowning of Davis for his pro-tax stance.
  • Excerpts from Joshua Maule’s journal and “A Testimony for the Truth” in which he tries to convince Quakers to return to a more firm war tax resistance.

The issue of NWTRCC’s newsletter, More Than a Paycheck, is out. It includes:

  • The reports from the 12th International Conference on War Tax Resistance and Peace Tax Campaigns from Ruth Benn and Ed Hedemann that I linked to .
  • Clare Hanrahan’s review of We Won’t Pay: A Tax Resistance Reader:

    “both daunting and encouraging and well worth the considerable reading time… captures in one indexed volume many individual acts and campaigns of conscientious objection to war and of revenue refusal to tyrannical governments… sincere voices and challenging arguments.”

  • Elizabeth Boardman’s review of American Quaker War Tax Resistance:

    “167 intelligent and intense writings on the challenging question of whether people of conscience should pay for war… People struggling with this moral issue today will be guided by the writings in this book and may find some wonderful language to use in their own statements of conscience… a straightforward and compelling book.”

  • Some notes on frivolous filing warnings, new tax laws, and IRS enforcement techniques.
  • Notes about tax resisters Bob Williams, Mike Palecek, and David Schenck, about the trial of two Los Alamos National Laboratory protesters, and about the upcoming New England Regional Gathering of War Tax Resisters and Supporters.
  • A story about long-time resister Thomas Wilson. The state of Massachusetts suspended his dental license 21 years ago when he stopped cooperating with state tax laws because the state, in turn, was acting as a collection agency for the IRS. Wilson kept practicing dentistry without a license, and was able to keep doing so until this year when he was forced to shut down after a competing dentist ratted him out to the state board of registration.

    At 75 Tom is philosophical about closing the door on his professional life and has no regrets about his choices. “In this present economy we’re getting a payback for what the government has been doing and what I haven’t been paying for and resisting all this time. People ask if war tax resistance changes anything. I can’t say that, but it’s helped me put up with what we have to put up with in this country.”

Cat Chapin-Bishop at Quaker Pagan Reflections has reviewed American Quaker War Tax Resistance. Excerpts:

One of the wonderful things, for me, as a new convert to Quakers, is having 350 years of history to catch up on.

In American Quaker War Tax Resistance, David Gross has created, not so much a history of Quaker war tax resistance as a source book for those who seek help discerning their leadings in this area. Gross has brought together over a hundred historical documents, from Friends as weighty as John Woolman and Elias Hicks, to prominent critics of Quaker’s practices such as Benjamin Franklin, who found Friends guilty of “A Variety of Evasion[s]” to avoid entering into direct conflict between an outward show of support for the peace testimony and the military requirements of the state.

It is one of the strengths of this book that a full range of opinions and responses are represented.…

The introductory essay is particularly useful, at least to someone like me who is relatively unfamiliar with the details of how Friends, and how the United States, came gradually to understand the related ideas of civil disobedience, conscientious objection, and our peace testimony.…

…I find myself deeply respectful of the care and thoroughness Gross brought to the project. This book may not appeal to everyone, but for the conscientious objector, the modern tax resister, or the serious Quaker historian, this anthology is a wonderful resource.

It’s getting closer! I haven’t been wasting my yearly sabbatical, but have been expanding American Quaker War Tax Resistance into a snazzier and beefier edition. I just sent off for a proof copy to review yesterday:

American Quaker War Tax Resistance (second edition)

More than half of the 350+ documents in this collection are new to the second edition. With some typographical fine-tuning and a little editing, though, I’ve managed to keep the page count (and thereby the price) down; the new edition is only about 15% thicker than edition 1.

Of course, everything is thoroughly indexed and cross-referenced, which is the big advantage of the book over trying to hunt through the individual documents here at The Picket Line or elsewhere on-line. A good, human-tuned subject-matter index is a marvelous thing, and a Google-like search for words or phrases is really no substitute.

I’ve also dated each document in the collection, based on the date or dates of the episodes it covers, and I’ve included these dates in the page headers and organized the documents chronologically, so it’s easier to flip to a particular period of time if you are hunting for, say, resistance at the time of the War of 1812.

I’ve also expanded my introduction, which gives you some context and shows you some of the themes that run through many of the documents in the collection.

The new cover art is a tribute to the quote from the journal of Joshua Evans: “I found it best for me to refuse paying demands… which went to pay the expenses of war: and although my part might appear but as a drop in the ocean, yet the ocean, I considered, was made up of many drops.”

It’s not ready to be ordered yet. If past experience is any guide, I’ll discover at least one glaring flaw while looking over the printed proof that escaped me in the PDF or layout software versions and I’ll need to cycle through the proof process again. But it won’t be long now.

American Quaker War Tax Resistance

The second edition of American Quaker War Tax Resistance is now available. You can order it today from CreateSpace, and it will soon also be available from Amazon. You can also get it from your favorite local bookstore, if so inclined, though it may be a while before they get word about how to order it.

It’s a beauty, with twice as much material as the first edition, including some new pieces that are seeing print for the first time, having existed only in manuscript form before now. Below are links to three PDF excerpts from the book (the table of contents, my introduction, and the index) to give you an idea of what you’ll find within.

American Quaker War Tax Resistance, table of contents American Quaker War Tax Resistance, introduction American Quaker War Tax Resistance, index
American Quaker War Tax Resistance (Second Edition) [Edited by David M. Gross. Picket Line Press, 2011. 574 pages. $25/paperback; $7.99/eBook] Gross has made a serious business of investigating and writing about not only the history of war tax resistance, but also tactics that can be used today. In American Quaker War Tax Resistance, Gross uses historical documents to trace the development of war tax resistance among Quakers, and how it was viewed by their contemporaries outside the Society of Friends. He includes writing by famous Friends such as William Penn and John Woolman, as well as individuals less known such as Moses Brown. In a subsequent book, 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance, Gross lays out past campaigns to help war tax resisters of our own time choose from tactics that have already been used.

Friends Journal has finally gotten around to reviewing American Quaker War Tax Resistance, briefly anyway.

I unfortunately released the book during a lull in the magazine’s interest in the topic of war tax resistance (which may correspond to a similar lull in the Society of Friends generally), and it looked for a long while as though they weren’t going to consider the book worthy of mention at all, so I’m pleased to know their readers will learn about it after all.

In other war tax resistance news: