…there was the horror that it had been quite easy to still the conscience of
a whole people — except a numerically small minority. … Was it really
possible to change the morals of a whole people like table manners? There
were however the minority of non-participants — we are not concerned with
heroes or saints — but with everybody. Who were the participants, who were
the others? …
Those who did not participate were neither people who were old-fashioned
enough not to accept new standards nor were they in possession of better
ones. Their conscience did not function in this mechanical way — where you
have a law and then subsume all particular cases under it. They were arrogant
enough to judge by themselves. And their criterion, I’d suggest, was
Socratic: Socrates said not only: Better to suffer than to do wrong, but he
explained it: It is better to be at odds with the whole world than being one
to be at odds with yourself. They asked themselves if they would still be
able to live with themselves after having done certain deeds. And they
decided not to participate, not because the world would be better (not
because of political responsibility) and not because they were worried about
the salvation of their soul, but because they wanted to go on living with
themselves. They refused to murder not so much because they still held fast
to the command Thou Shalt not Kill but because they were unwilling to
live together with a murderer.
…The presupposition for this kind of judging is the habit of examining and
living together with yourself. We call that silent dialogue in which you
speak with yourself Thinking, but it is not technical, not
the privilege of the educated and sophisticated.…
We have a tendency to think of people who are in the habit of examining
basic propositions and standards as destructive. We have every reason to
change our minds on this subject. Doubters and skeptics are more reliable,
not because doubting is wholesome or skepticism good but because such people
are used to make up their own minds — to live together with themselves.
This attitude of non-participation, of not doing certain things quite
irrespective of the world, is politically a marginal situation. It is
irresponsible, and such irresponsibility is justified when you are completely
impotent. Hence it is the right attitude in extreme situations, and it can
also be the right attitude for those who have made Thinking a way of life — the philosopher, or whoever claims freedom from politics…
Against this attitude, the current claim was: Every citizen has a duty to
obey the laws. He cannot examine the laws and then decide whether or not
they are good laws; such conduct would undermine every body politic. No
government can survive without this obedience. This is a fallacy, and it
resides in the word obedience. Only a child obeys. An adult actually
supports the laws or the authority that claims obedience. No action
is possible without support and help from others. The one who starts action
needs the support from others to see the matter through… Without such
“obedience,” a leader is helpless — whereas in the nursery the child is
helpless…
If I obey the laws of the land, I actually support its constitution, and
every revolution starts when this tacit consent is withdrawn.
In political terms, the non-participants to the extent that they came in
conflict with the laws of the land did not claim freedom from politics but
withdrew their consent, refused to support by shunning such places of
responsibility where such support under the name of obedience was required,
or by paying with their lives for non-obedience.
…And though there may be many people who don’t live with themselves — and
that means who, strictly speaking, have no conscience — for me life would not
be worth living if I lost myself.…