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| needle haystack | page | excerpt |
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| Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 24 October 1837, part 4 | …Emanuel C. Reigart “resumed”: The gentleman from Allegheny had referred to the Constitution of ’76 as giving greater privileges to those who scruple to bear arms than the present Constitution. The sixth section of the first chapter of the Declaration of the Rights to which he refers, provides that “every member o… | |
| Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 24 October 1837, part 3 | …count of his religious sentiments. If he should fail to show that this conscientious scruple to bear arms was a religious sentiment in those who belonged to the Society of Friends, then his argument based on this declaration in the Constitution of 1776 could amount to nothing. But if he should succeed in showing that it was a religious sentiment, a part of the creed of this class of our citizens, then we must renounce all these principles which our fathers had laid… | |
| Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 24 October 1837, part 3 | …if any such there are, whether it was not our duty to grant this claim to all who sincerely asked it. It is as plain as day that there is a principle in this thing — it has been acknowledged in the Constitution itself, and in the Constitution of 1776. This principle was then acknowledged when our soil was stained with hostile blood; when the country was agitated by fear and all were ready to acknowledge that there was a Supreme Being to be looked up to. The princ… | |
| Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 24 October 1837, part 3 | …was then acknowledged when our soil was stained with hostile blood; when the country was agitated by fear and all were ready to acknowledge that there was a Supreme Being to be looked up to. The principle was acknowledged in the Constitution of 1776 as follows: “No part of a man’s property can be justly taken from him, or applied to public uses, without his own consent, or that of his legal representatives, nor can any man who is conscientiously scrupulous of be… | |
| Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 24 October 1837, part 2 | …ithin its bosom who may desire to rend and overthrow it. Now, sir, I have shown from Proud’s History what the opinions of the Society of Friends are in respect to public contributions; and I find, in the Constitution of 1776, the principle adopted and recognized under which they seem always to have acted. The 8th section of that Constitution is in these words: “Every member of society has a right to be protecte… | |
| Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 24 October 1837, part 2 | …n of a clause to some extent prohibiting the enactment of laws interfering with the religious scruples they entertained, and this was nothing more than was already secured to their fellows. This was asserted as a principle in the Constitution of 1776, and repeated in the existing Bill of Rights. It was, perhaps, sufficient merely to call attention to the fact that from the first settlement of Pennsylvania down to the present moment, it had been observed as a rule… | |
| 27 August 2011 | …nted to treat with them and report to next meeting. John Decow had already been in trouble for “bearing of arms in a military manner” and had submitted a written condemnation of his actions to the meeting in 1776. This time a “testification” was produced against him and Joseph English, Jr., and they were informed of their appeal rights. Neither chose to appeal, and that’s the last w… | |
| 26 May 2008 | …We can all be conscientious objectors. War tax resistance is conscientious objection. When 70 percent of the population is against the war in Iraq and they are made to pay for it, we have taxation without representation. It seems that it is way past the time to throw the tea into the harbor. Throwing tea into the harbor is as American as apple pie. We need a nonviolent revolution as much as the founders needed a revolution in 1776.… | |
| 26 July 2011 | …uments about the Cowgill case. First is a declaration of the Committee of Inspection and Observation for Kent County, a group associated with the rebel Continental Congress: In Committee, DoverJanuary 4, 1776 Resolved, That the keeping up the credit of the Continental currency is essential to support the United Colonies in their virtuous opposition to ministerial oppression, and that the… | |
| 24 June 2008 | …e Friends on the subject of paying Taxes, etc. (see The Picket Line, 22 May 2008) in 1776. He thought that Quakers ought to be paying their taxes willingly to the Continental Congress, while the orthodox opinion in his Meeting said no. He was disowned by the Sandwich (Massachusetts) Monthly Meeting i… | |
| 23 January 2011 | …Happersett ruling. In the course of her testimony, she alluded to the tax resistance of Julie and Abby Smith: It was the tax on tea — woman’s drink prerogative — which precipitated the rebellion of 1776. To allay the irritation of the colonies, all taxes were rescinded save that on tea, which was left to indicate King George’s dominion. But our revolutionary fathers and mothers said, “No; the tax is paltry, but the… | |
| 22 May 2008 | …The text of this pamphlet can also be found in the book American Quaker War Tax Resistance. Here’s another rarity: a 1776 pamphlet from Timothy Davis urging his fellow-Quakers to consider the rebel Continental Congress to be their legitimate government, and to pay taxes for its support. There was a variety of Quaker tax resistance… | |
| 22 June 2011 | …being sold now, and some of my brethren are being put into prison, because we will not pay the rate.” And with his eyes flashing, like the eyes of a Boston Tea Party man, and with clenched fist, he repeated, “But I will not pay the rate.” (prolonged applause. The spirit of ’76 still lives.) I’ve hunted in vain for any indication that Clifford tried to introduce the tactic of tax resistance to the anti-war movement of the day.… | |
| 22 August 2011 | …he thumb of the papists (that is, James Ⅱ) again. The Declaration is a good predecessor of the better-known one of 1776, but much more interesting reading. Here’s a nice excerpt: …extraordinary and intolerable Fees extorted from every one upon all occaſions, without any Rules but thoſe of t… | |
| 19 December 2006 | …they had to resort to petition for all the exemptions they enjoyed. The petition for freedom from military service is not to be found anywhere in the published records, but a resolution recorded in the minutes of the Constitutional Convention of 1776 shows us what its contents must have been. Under date of July 6, the following entry occurs in the Journal on the reading of the petition of the “Society of Mennonites and German Ba… | |
| 19 December 2006 | …dom from military service is not to be found anywhere in the published records, but a resolution recorded in the minutes of the Constitutional Convention of 1776 shows us what its contents must have been. Under date of July 6, the following entry occurs in the Journal on the reading of the petition of the “Society of Mennonites and German Baptists:” Resolved that the several committees of obser… | |
| 15 December 2012 | …hich they made the case that the government was essentially bankrupt, and they urged people to withdraw their deposits from the banks in gold rather than in untrustworthy government notes, and to demand their wages in gold. During the American revolut… | |
| 14 May 2008 | …rom a clear conviction of Truth in their own minds; showing forth, by their meekness, humility, and patient suffering, that they are followers of the Prince of Peace. Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, 1776 It is the judgment of this meeting that a tax levied for the purchasing of drums, colors, or for other warlike uses, cannot be paid consistently with our Christian testimony.… | |
| 14 July 2010 | …Dr. Shaw replied that while she was illegally denied the right of participating in the Government of the State to ask her to make out a list upon which taxes were to be levied would be “heaping injury upon tyranny.” “In the spirit of 1776,” as her statement reads, she “declined to be a party to an act which violated the national Constitution.” So she returned the document unadorned. Dr. Shaw did… | |
| 13 May 2011 | …the 13th of Fifth Month, 1776, I made a visit to my dear friend, Jonathan Farnum, at Uxbridge, who was very far gone in a consumption. I sat up with him during the night and in the morning we had some serious conversation together, in the course of which, after mentioning that he had given up all expectation of recovery, and felt resigned in mind, and willing to leave all, even his dear ch… | |
| 13 May 2011 | …This excerpt can also be found in the book American Quaker War Tax Resistance. On the 13th of Fifth Month, 1776, I made a visit to my dear friend, Jonathan Farnum, at Uxbridge, who was very far gone in a consumption. I sat up with him during… | |
| 13 May 2011 | …On the 13th of Fifth Month, 1776, I made a visit to my dear friend, Jonathan Farnum, at Uxbridge, who was very far gone in a consumption. I sat up with him during the night and in the morning we had some serious conversation together, in the course of which, after mentioning that he had given up all expectation of recovery, and felt resigned… | |
| 13 May 2008 | …k how much of the religious and how much of the economic element was present here? This action was unfortunate. The result was to hasten the decline of the money and to throw the influence of the Society on the side of the British Government. In 1776 North Carolina Quakers declined to vote for delegates to attend the convention, but left Friends to take the paper bills or not. In 1778 they were in doubt whether they were able “to pay… | |
| 13 May 2008 | …dissenting ministers, the same legal exemption as had always been granted to the clergymen of the Church of England. This is the first step in the movement which led up to the sixteenth section of the Virginia Bill of Rights. The act of May, 1776, seems to have been a sort of continuation of the act of 1766. It required Quakers and Menonists to be enlisted in the militia, but exempted them from attending musters. The act o… | |
| 13 May 2008 | …1798. In the gloomy aspect of affairs which greeted them at the beginning of the struggle, Friends were induced to appoint representatives from New England, Virginia and North Carolina to attend the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting in 1776 to consult on the condition of their affairs, and this course was followed during the most of the war. The war brought much distress and suffering to Friends. In this extremity the noble character of the creed of Fri… | |
| 10 September 2012 | …of property. To Miss Anthony’s plea it is objected, somewhat lamely, that the property of minors, aliens, and idiots is taxed, although they are not voters. Minors, aliens, idiots, and insane persons were taxed without representation in 1776, but that did not seem to our forefathers a sufficient reason why sane adults should be taxed in the same way, and they fought the war of the Revolution upon that argument. It is not likely that Miss Anthony will get… | |
| 10 September 2012 | …state demands that the citizen thus illegally denies her rights, shall in addition be the state’s accomplice in this unconstitutional act by making out a list upon which taxes may be levied, this is heaping injury upon tyranny. In the spirit of 1776 Dr. Shaw declined to be a party to an act which violated the National Constitution. She returned the document without making out the list. “But in declining t… | |
| 9 April 2012 | …to recognize as having the right to levy taxes, in that said parties were never elected by the people as representatives, and therefore by their affecting to levy taxes they violate the first principles of American liberty, baptized in blood in 1776, and hallowed by the memories of ages, which teach us that taxation, to be legal, must be accompanied by representation, without which it is robbery, and should be resisted by good citizens under the motto of “millio… | |
| 1 February 2010 | …nd is still in operation. During the Revolutionary War Bethlehem was often visited by American troops, and upon more than one occasion the brethren were sufferers from military exactions. On the retreat of Washington through New Jersey, December, 1776, Lee’s divison, under the command of General Sullivan, after crossing the Delaware, came to this place, where it encamped on the 17th, and La… | |
| 1 February 2010 | …men, who had already reached more than man’s allotted years. Daniel, the younger of the two, was born at “Boggy Creek,” May, 1782. When the contest between Great Britain and her American Colonies came on, 1776, John Fries espoused the cause of his country, and became an active patriot. He was already enrolled in the militia and had command of a company. We are not able to say at what period he was first called into service… | |
| 1 February 2010 | …from military exactions. On the retreat of Washington through New Jersey, December, 1776, Lee’s divison, under the command of General Sullivan, after crossing the Delaware, came to this place, where it encamped on the 17th, and La Fayette spent some time there to recover from the wound received at Brandywine. In the spring of 1778, the single Sisters presented… | |
| 1 February 2010 | …d, and settled in Wrightstown among the first settlers. He was commissioned captain in the 4th Pennsylvania regiment, commanded by Col. Anthony Wayne, January 5, 1776; serving in the campaign in Canada of that year, returning home on the recruiting service in December. He shortly afterward resigned his commission, bec… | |
| 1 February 2010 | …725 to 1813, is situated in a delightful country, six miles from the Delaware and twenty-five from Philadelphia. The population is about 1500. It was to this place Washington brought the captured Hessians from Trenton, December 26, 1776. Bristol is on the west bank of the Delaware, opposite Burlington, N.J., twenty miles above Philadelphia. It was made the… | |
| 1 February 2010 | …7, the house in which they worshipped being built as early as 1742. Millarstown, now called Macungie, signifying “the feeding place of bears,” and laid out by Peter Millar about 1776, is situated at the foot of South Mountain on the East Penn. railroad, nine miles from Allentown. It was incorporated in… | |
| 1 February 2010 | …1722, died 1775, and was buried at the Trumbauersville church. Henry, one of the sons, made powder for the Penna. Committee of Safety, 1776, at a mill on Swamp creek. Another son, John Jacob, was probably the “Jacob Hoover” mentioned here. This was in 1859; the present owner we do not know.… | |
| 1 February 2010 | …commanded by Col. Anthony Wayne, January 5, 1776; serving in the campaign in Canada of that year, returning home on the recruiting service in December. He shortly afterward resigned his commission, because of some unjust treatment by Colonel Wayne, but continued his activity in the cause of the Colonies. He was commissioned a Sub-Lieutenant of… | |
| 26 October 2007 | …iction is sin: therefore I chose rather to suffer in this world, than incur the displeasure of him from whom come all my consolation and blessings. Things turned out just fine: Having for nearly a year declined taking the paper currency, agreeably to the secret persuasion which I had of my duty therein, as before mentioned, I have now the satisfaction of comparing the different rewards of obedience an… | |
| Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 2 February 1838 | …se people had been opposed to their own government, and thrown every obstacle in its way. He could show that they had not been patriots, but on the contrary, enemies of their country, prior to the French Canadian War and during the revolution of 1774–5–6. At both periods these people had shown great enmity to their own government. They not only stood out against the demands of the governor for men and money, but they did all they possibly could to induce oth… | |
| 1 February 2010 | …s occupied in a store, taught school a year; then studied law, and was admitted to the bar, 1777. He took an active part in the Revolution, and was Secretary of the County Committee of Safety from 1776 to 1778; was appointed a justice of the peace, 1777, and military storekeeper at Easton, March 11, 1778. He was sheriff of the count… | |
| 27 August 2011 | …27 August 2011 A book containing the handwritten minutes of the men’s portion of the Chesterfield [New Jersey] Monthly Meeting from 1774 to 1786 is on-line, and contains a lot of good data about how meetings dealt with those members who weren’t going along with the official testimony against paying militia exemption fines. Here are some exa… | |
| Excerpts from H.D. Thoreau’s journals (1838-1840) | …Edward Gibbon The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–1788) Critical Observations on the Sixth Book of the Aeneid (1770) Memoirs of My Life (… | |
| 26 December 2012 | …pirit” of resistance but were “not a little pleas’d to hear that McIntosh has the Credit of the Whole Affair.”3… “The Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution, 1763–1776,” by Arthur Meier Schlesinger; Vol. ⅬⅩⅩⅧ, Whole Number 182, of “Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law,” edited by the faculty of politic… | |
| 20 February 2008 | …s, Jewish Zealots resisted the poll tax of the Roman occupiers of Palestine. In the mid-18th Century many Quakers refused to pay taxes to finance the French and Indian War. In the 1760s and 70’s, American protests at taxation without representation led to tax boycotts, which ultimately triggered the American War of Independence. William Wilberforce used tax boycott to increase pre… | |
| 7 September 2011 | …between groups of Indians, Presbyterian settlers, the crown-aligned Anglican absentee proprietaries, and Quakers in pre-revolutionary Pennsylvania. I read it largely to give me some more context as to what was going on in Pennsylvania in the 1750–1780 period that was so important to the development of American Quaker war tax resistance. It was an interesting read, though a depressing one. Pennsylvania seems at the time to have been one massacre afte… | |
| 22 October 2007 | …f, as Job Scott informs us, that it must be clearly against paying taxes which are specially for war; and this principle became incorporated in the discipline of the Society. Philadelphia Yearly Meeting makes record accordingly, at different times from 1755 to 1790, and offenders were considered disownable. Ohio Yearly Meeting, afterwards established, has similarly recorded its judgment and decision. This subject of taxes occupied much time in our m… | |
| 26 October 2007 | …de for raising money to defray the expenses of war, by means of a duty laid on imported articles of almost every kind. This duty, I believed, was instead of taxing the inhabitants, as had been done some time before. I had felt myself restrained, for thirty or forty years, from paying such taxes; the proceeds whereof were applied, in great measure, to defray expenses relating to war: and, as herein before-mentioned, my refusal was from a tender conscientious… | |
| 12 May 2008 | …de for raising money to defray the expenses of war, by means of a duty laid on imported articles of almost every kind. This duty, I believed, was instead of taxing the inhabitants, as had been done some time before. I had felt myself restrained, for thirty or forty years, from paying such taxes; the proceeds whereof were applied, in great measure, to defray expenses relating to war: and, as herein before-mentioned, my refusal was from a tender conscientious… | |
| 24 April 2008 | …e was a tendency to react in repulsion to the compromises of politics by retreating from public life: There was growing up in the Society a belief, which was vastly strengthened by the military experiences of the years between 1740 and 1780, that public life was unfavorable to the quiet Divine communion which called for inwardness, not outwardness, and which was the basic principle of Quakerism.… [T]he Yearly Meeting was… | |
| 23 May 2008 | …ce of her strength and her weakness. More such stories come from Extracts from the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker from 1759 to 1807, A.D.: Sept. 14 [1779] — This morning… | |
| Excerpts from Thoreau’s juvenilia | …From a September 1835 exercise on the subject of “[t]he comparative moral policy of severe and mild punishments.” William Blackstone (1723–1780) The fact that he was no party man, the leader of no sect, but equally to be feared by the foes of freedom and religion every where, explains the circumstanc… | |
| Excerpts from H.D. Thoreau’s journals (1852) | …t” in W.H. Sleeman’s Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official (1844). “Lord” Timothy Dexter (1748–1806) was a marvelous American eccentric. In Life Without Principle, Thoreau recounts this story and adds: “I may add that… | |
| Excerpts from H.D. Thoreau’s journals (1852) | …1843. The Washington Monument was still under-construction. “Lord” Timothy Dexter (1748–1806) was a marvelous American eccentric. See Genesis 11:1–8… | |
| 12 May 2008 | …These excerpts can also be found in the book American Quaker War Tax Resistance. Joshua Evans (1731–1798) left a record in his journal of his war tax resistance around the time of the American Revolution, which led him eventually to avoid all imported goods so as not to pay an excise tax which would go to militar… | |
| 1 February 2011 | …1 February 2011 In 1802, William Matthews (1747–1816) compiled a book called The Recorder: Being a Collection of Tracts and Disquisitions, Chiefly Relative to the Modern State and Principles of the People Called Quakers in order, as he put it, “to arrange and record, under the foregoing title,… | |
| Excerpts from H.D. Thoreau’s journals (1853) | …ailed. It is no longer so, according to his editor. Nobody legislates for me, for the way would be not to legislate at all. Commons Gilbert White (1720–1793), British naturalist 3 April 1853 The last two Tribunes I have not looked at… | |
| Excerpts from H.D. Thoreau’s journals (1854) | …force of the State, if need be, is at the service of a slaveholder, to enable him to carry back a slave, not a soldier is offered to save a citizen of Massachusetts from being kidnapped. Is this what all these arms, all this “training,” has been for these seventy-eight years past? What is wanted is men of principle, who recognize a higher law than the decision of the majority. The marines and the militia whose bodies were used lately were not men of sense nor of pr… | |
| 4 May 2008 | …These excerpts can also be found in the book American Quaker War Tax Resistance. William Fordyce Mavor (1758–1837), in his Historical Account of the Most Celebrated Voyages, Travels, and Discoveries from the Time of Columbus to the Present Period (1797, pages 300–3) s… | |
| 1 February 2010 | …Senate, and was elected to Congress in 1812, serving two terms. The late Mrs. John Fox, of Doylestown, was his niece, daughter of his Brother Gilbert. Newtown, the county seat of Bucks county from 1725 to 1813, is situated in a delightful country, six miles from the Delaware and twenty-five from Philadelphia. The population is about 1500. It was to this place Washington brought the captured… | |
| “Letter to the Liberals” by Leo Tolstoy | …the seventeenth century. He was eventually defeated and captured, and was executed in Moscow in 1671. — Translator Pugatchef headed the most formidable Russian insurrection of the eighteenth century. He was executed in Moscow in 1775. — Translator The series of reforms, including the abolition of serfdom, which followed the Crimean War and the dea… | |
| We Won’t Pay! | …1672 letter to the governor of New York explaining why the writers were refusing to pay defense requisitions. “Sufferings in Jamaica” A chronicle of what happened to Jamaican Quakers who refused war requisitions in the 18th century, from Joseph Besse’s A Collection of the Sufferings of the People called Quakers, for the Testimony of a Good Conscience (1753… | |
| 31 October 2012 | …w that we have money and came in here and told us: ‘From this moment you must pay us taxes’,” Kukali’s son Issam said. The Beit Sahour civil disobedience campaign sparked international protests. The residents adopted the slogan of the 18th Century American revolution against British colonial rule: “No taxation without representation”. Less than a month ago Israeli Defence Minist… | |
| 23 May 2008 | …ng goods to make up the tax. This comes from Caroline Hazard’s Thomas Hazard son of Rob’t, call’d College Tom: A Study of Life in Narragansett in the ⅩⅧth Century: [Tom Hazard’s] principles of non-resistance… were very firm; there is no indication that he took any part in the struggle,… | |
| 16 May 2008 | …16 May 2008 I finally tracked down a copy of a rare tract published around 1715 with the typically-loquacious 18th century title of TRIBUTETOCÆSAR, How paid by the Beſt Chriſtians,And to what Purpoſe.WITH Some Remarks on the late vigorous Expedition againſt CANADA.… | |
| 11 January 2005 | …Britons to also stop using tobacco, coffee, and cotton clothing (much of it woven in the mills of staunchly antislavery Manchester). Nonetheless, a boycott of sugar was potentially a powerful weapon because the country consumed so much of it. In the eighteenth century, sugar was Britain’s largest import.… ¶ Everyone could understand the logic of the sugar boycott, even children.… Quietly but subversively, the boycott added a new dimension to British… | |
| 9 August 2005 | …legally enslaved to him, most of whom were auctioned off on Jefferson’s death to pay his debts. The New York Times Book Review last Sunday highlighted the little-known examples of eighteenth century American slave holders, like Robert Carter, who did what Jefferson insisted he couldn’t do — they emancipated the people they held in slavery. One author wonders why we have heard so little of these p… | |
| 4 April 2008 | …1672 letter to the governor of New York explaining why the writers were refusing to pay defense requisitions. “Sufferings in Jamaica” A chronicle of what happened to Jamaican Quakers who refused war requisitions in the 18th century, from Joseph Besse’s A Collection of the Sufferings of the People called Quakers, for the Testimony of a Good Conscience (1753… | |
| 17 September 2005 | …dence of the general sense of mankind, as to the practical necessity there is that all men’s important contracts, especially those of a permanent nature, should be both written and signed, the following facts are pertinent. For nearly two hundred years — that is, since 1677 — there has been on the statute book of England, and the same, in substance, if not precisely in letter, has been re-enacted, and is now in force, in nearly or quite all… | |
| 13 December 2012 | …r the Friends’ Intelligencer advised readers how to structure their estates and bequests so as to avoid the “United States ‘war tax’.” French farmers in the 17th and 18th centuries used (and shared among themselves) every legal trick they could discover (and several less legal ones besides) to reduce or… | |
| 30 May 2008 | …today’s and tomorrow’s entries, as I’ll be off the grid for a few days. In Lillian Schlissel’s Conscience in America: A documentary history of conscientious objection in America, 1757–1967 (1968) is an excerpt from a letter to the Pennsylvania Assembly from 1795 that I haven’t been able to find elsewhere, and the author of which re… | |
| Excerpts from H.D. Thoreau’s journals (1852) | …) Samuel Ayer (1654–1708) Joseph Bartlett’s narrative of captivity can be found as an appendix to Sketch of the History of Newbury, Newburyport, and West Newbury, from 1635–1845 (1845) by Joshua Coffin René Hertel de Chambly (1675–1708) A brother of… | |
| 12 November 2005 | …Bush took office (and he did take it), his government has borrowed $1.05 trillion. That is to say, over one thousand billion. Remember how many a billion is? $1.05 trillion is more than the total borrowed by every administration between 1776 and 2000 ($1.01 trillion). The mind implodes. Half of this nation’s debt in 224 years, the other half since Junior Bush got the top job. Remember how far away the sun is? We have spent enough d… | |
| 24 April 2008 | …We Won’t Pay!: A Tax Resistance Reader is complete and I’ve finished patting myself on the back for a job well done, I’ve started to work on a spin-off project: a reader that concentrates on war tax resistance by American Quakers from the 17th through the 19th century. I planned to take the existing sections of this material from We Won’t Pay! and add a littl… | |
| 1 March 2013 | …to military tax payment on the part of CFS employees will be accepted as an appropriate stance, in keeping with the Friends Peace Testimony established and upheld by Quakers since its original expression in 1660.” At present, the letter is in the hands of the IRS. Regardless of the outcome, the school… | |
| 1 December 2009 | …9 Bibliography The following excerpt from John Thomas Ball’s The Reformed Church of Ireland (1537–1886) concerns resistance to mandatory tithes by Irish Catholics in the 1830s. The value of the tithes levied at this time in Ireland may be reckoned at about six hundr… |